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build_schema

Compiles decorated query, mutation, and subscription roots into a Schema. It also accepts additional reachable types, a type registry, and SchemaConfig. 
schema = build_schema(
    query=QueryRoot,
    mutation=MutationRoot,
    types=[AuditEvent],
    config=SchemaConfig(auto_camel_case=True),
)
Schema(query=...) is a convenient constructor that performs the same compilation when passed decorated Python classes.

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execute

result = await execute(
    schema,
    query,
    variable_values={"id": "42"},
    context=request_context,
    operation_name="GetUser",
)
The query may be a string, Source, or parsed DocumentNode. Execution parses when needed, selects an operation, validates, coerces variables, resolves fields, completes values, and returns ExecutionResult.

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validate and parse

Use parse(source) when an application benefits from retaining the GraphQL AST. Use validate(schema, document) to inspect validation errors without executing.